Pituitary Tumors

A pituitary tumor is an abnormal growth in the pituitary gland. This pea-sized gland, located at the base of the skull behind the nose, makes hormones that control growth and regulate other glands in the body. Most pituitary tumors are benign (non-cancerous), grow slowly, and do not spread to other parts of the body. Early detection usually makes treatment more effective.

Possible Effects of Pituitary Tumors

Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, which can cause:

• Cushing’s disease – too much cortisol in the body, leading to fat buildup in the face, back, and chest, with thinning arms and legs.

• Acromegaly – abnormal enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features.

• Unexpected breast milk production (not related to pregnancy).

Causes and Risk Factors

• In most cases, the cause is unknown.

• Some tumors are inherited, meaning they run in families.

• Risk increases if you have:

  • A family history of pituitary tumors.

  • Certain genetic syndromes linked to pituitary growths.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms depend on tumor size and the hormones affected. They may include:

• Headaches, fatigue, or low energy.

• Seizures or fainting.

• Vision problems or weak eye muscles.

• Clear fluid draining from the nose or changes in smell.

• Nausea, vomiting, or loss of body hair.

• Hormonal imbalances, such as:

  • Abnormal growth or joint pain.

  • Diabetes, high blood pressure, or sweating changes.

  • Mood changes or depression.

  • Irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, or nipple discharge.

  • Reduced sexual function.

• In some cases, no symptoms at all.

Diagnosis

Your provider may recommend:

• A physical exam and medical history review.

• Blood and urine tests to measure hormone levels.

• Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans.

• Biopsy, where a small tissue sample is tested.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on tumor type, size, and your overall health. Options include:

• Surgery to remove the tumor.

• Medications to control hormone production.

• Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells.

• Chemotherapy, in rare cases, for abnormal or aggressive tumors.

If you have a strong family history, regular blood tests may be advised.

Home Care Instructions

• Follow all directions from your healthcare provider.

• Track your urine output if asked.

• Avoid smoking, vaping, or tobacco use.

• Ask your provider how much fluid you should drink.

• If clear fluid drains from your nose, do not pick your nose or disturb crusting; report changes.

• Avoid heavy lifting or straining—ask which activities are safe.

• Take medicines exactly as prescribed.

When to Call Your Healthcare Provider

Contact your doctor if you:

• Urinate more than usual.

• Have persistent headaches.

• Notice changes in vision.

• Develop clear fluid leaking from your nose or ears.

• Feel fluid trickling down your throat, a salty taste, or increased thirst.

• Have difficulty concentrating.

When to Seek Emergency Help

Call for immediate help if you have:

• Sudden severe symptoms.

• A nosebleed that will not stop.

• Fever over 101°F (38.3°C).

• A very bad headache, stiff neck, or confusion.

• Chest pain or trouble breathing.

Do not wait to see if symptoms improve and do not drive yourself to the hospital.

Note: This information is for education only and does not replace medical advice. Always discuss your condition and treatment options with your healthcare provider.