What is a Stroke?

A stroke happens when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked or reduced. Without enough blood, brain cells start to die. This can cause problems with movement, speech, vision, or thinking. The effects may be temporary or permanent. Getting treatment as soon as symptoms start can save brain cells and improve recovery.

Warning Signs (Act FAST)

Call emergency services right away if you notice:

• F – Face drooping: one side of the face droops when smiling.

• A – Arm weakness: one arm drifts downward when both are raised.

• S – Speech problems: speech is slurred or words are hard to understand.

• T – Time to act fast: call for help immediately.

Other symptoms may include:

• Sudden weakness/numbness (face, arm, or leg, usually one side).

• Sudden vision loss or dimness (especially in one eye).

• Trouble speaking or understanding.

• Sudden severe headache.

• Sudden dizziness, imbalance, or falling.

Even if symptoms last only a few minutes (called a TIA or mini-stroke), seek help immediately.

Risk Factors

Some risks can be controlled:

• High blood pressure (biggest risk factor).

• Smoking.

• Diabetes (uncontrolled sugar).

• High cholesterol.

• Too much alcohol.

• Obesity and inactivity.

Some risks cannot be changed:

• Age >55 years.

• Family history of stroke.

• Being female.

• Previous stroke or TIA.
  
  

Possible Complications

Stroke can lead to:

• Weakness or paralysis on one side.

• Trouble speaking, swallowing, or understanding.

• Poor balance or clumsy movements.

• Vision changes.

• Memory or thinking problems.

• Loss of bladder/bowel control.

• Emotional changes (mood swings, depression, sudden crying/laughing).

Prevention

You can lower your risk by:

• Controlling blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol.

• Quitting smoking.

• Limiting alcohol.

• Eating healthy and exercising regularly.

• Maintaining a healthy weight.

• Taking medicines (like aspirin or blood thinners) if prescribed.
  
  

Treatment & Recovery

• Emergency care restores blood flow and prevents brain damage.

• Rehabilitation begins early (within 24–48 hours if stable). It may include:

  • Physical therapy (strength and movement).

  • Occupational therapy (daily activities).

  • Speech and swallowing therapy.

Recovery takes weeks to months, sometimes years. Support from family, caregivers, and rehabilitation specialists is essential.

Support for Families

• Encourage independence but help with tasks when needed.

• Join rehabilitation sessions to learn how to assist safely.

• Practice exercises and skills at home.

• Watch for emotional changes—depression is common and treatable.
  
  

Key takeaway: Stroke is a medical emergency. Act FAST to save brain function. Long-term recovery is possible with treatment, rehabilitation, and lifestyle changes.