What is hydrocephalus?
Hydrocephalus happens when too much fluid (called cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) builds up inside the brain.

• This fluid normally protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.

• When it does not drain properly, it causes pressure inside the head and can damage brain tissue.

• A child can be born with hydrocephalus or develop it after birth.
  
  

Causes

Hydrocephalus can develop if CSF flow is blocked or too much fluid is made. Causes include:

• Problems before birth, such as:

  • Abnormal brain or spinal cord development.

  • Brain cysts.

  • Infections during pregnancy.

  • Genetic (inherited) problems.

• After birth:

  • Premature birth with bleeding in the brain.

  • Head injury.

  • Brain infections like meningitis.

  • Brain tumors.

  • Stroke or blood clots.
    
    

Risk factors

A child is more likely to develop hydrocephalus if:

• There is a family history of the condition.

• The mother had poor prenatal care, diabetes, or multiple births (twins/triplets).

• The baby is born too early or with low birth weight.

• The child is male.
  
  

Symptoms

In babies:

• Rapid head growth.

• Bulging of the soft spot (fontanel) on the head.

• Irritability or unusual sleepiness.

• Vomiting.

• Eyes that look downward (“sunsetting eyes”).

• Seizures.

In older children:

• Headaches.

• Nausea and vomiting.

• Vision problems (blurred, double, or downward gaze).

• Clumsiness or walking problems.

• Trouble controlling urine or stool.

• Irritability, personality changes, memory problems.
  
  

Diagnosis

Doctors may use:

• Medical history and physical exam.

• Brain imaging (CT scan, MRI).

• Sometimes hydrocephalus is found before birth during an ultrasound.
  
  

Treatment

Surgery is the only effective treatment. Options include:

• Shunt system: A thin tube placed in the brain or spine to drain extra fluid into another part of the body. The shunt may need adjustments or replacement as the child grows.

• Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV): A small hole is made in the ventricle floor to let fluid drain.

• Choroid plexus cauterization (CPC): The tissue that makes CSF is gently burned to reduce fluid production.
  
  

Home care & safety

• Learn about your child’s condition and follow medical advice.

• Always use protective headgear during activities like biking or skating.

• Keep all follow-up appointments—your child’s shunt or surgery needs regular monitoring.

• Ask your doctor about safe activities and sports.
  
  

When to call the doctor

Contact your child’s doctor if they have:

• Fever, chills.

• Increased sleepiness, irritability, or poor appetite.

• New or worsening symptoms.

Get emergency help right away if your child:

• Has trouble breathing.

• Has a seizure.

• Has a severe headache, stiff neck, or vision problems.

• Vomits repeatedly.

• Becomes very hard to wake up.

• Shows rapid head swelling or bulging fontanel.

👉 These can be life-threatening. Call emergency services immediately.

📌 Remember: Hydrocephalus can be managed successfully with surgery and regular medical care. Early recognition and treatment give children the best chance for healthy growth and development.